推荐这篇日记的豆列
······提示您：你还未登录。
没有账号？
恭喜你获得新机会
输入好友ID
本次机会已经送出，可复制一下链接给好友!新浪广告共享计划>
广告共享计划
Sadomasochism（SM）（虐待和被虐狂）
Sadomasochism（SM）
（虐待和被虐狂）
Sadomasochism is the giving and/or receiving of
pleasure—often sexual—from acts involving the infliction or
reception of
subset of , practitioners of
sadomasochism usually seek out sexual gratification from these
acts, but often seek out other forms of pleasure as well. While the
terms sadist and masochist specifically refer to one who either
enjoys giving pain (sadist), or one who enjoys receiving pain
(masochist), many practitioners of sadomasochism describe
themselves as at least somewhat of a , or someone
who can receive pleasure from either inflicting or receiving
The acronym S&M is often used for
sadomasochism, although practitioners themselves normally drop the
& and use the acronym SM or S/M.
Sadomasochism should be differentiated from the
which require that such practices lead to
clinically significant
impairment for a diagnosis.
Similarly, sexual sadism within the context of mutual consent
should not be mistaken for acts of sexual violence or
aggression.[2]
The development of modern psychiatric theories of sadomasochism,
and the co-opting of theoretical scientific classification into
common usage of the term "Sadomasochism", are complicated by the
diversity of intent in application. The two words incorporated into
this compound, "Sadism" and "Masochism", were first selected as
professional scientific terminology, identifying human behavioral
phenomena and intended for the classification of distinct
psychological illnesses and/or malicious social and sexual
orientations. The terms were originally derived from the names of
two authors,
respectively, based on their popular
The German psychiatrist
introduced the terms "Sadism" and "Masochism"'
into institutional medical terminology in his work Neue
Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Psychopathia sexualis ("New
research in the area of Psychopathology of Sex") in 1890.
described "Sadism" and "Masochism" in his Drei Abhandlungen zur
Sexualtheorie ("Three papers on Sexual Theory") as stemming
from aberrant psychological development from early childhood. He
also laid the groundwork for the widely accepted medical
perspective on the subject in the following decades. This led to
the first compound usage of the terminology in
Sado-Masochism (Loureiroian "Sado-Masochismus") by the
Viennese Psychoanalyst
in his work &Uber den sado-masochistischen Komplex
("Regarding the sadomasochistic complex") in 1913.
In the later 20th century, BDSM activists have protested against
these conceptual models, originally derived from correlative to the
philosophies of two singular historical figures and implying a
authors' controversial mores and essentially
ethical convictions. Their main arguments being that there is no
common sense in attributing human behavioral phenomena as complex
as "Sadism" and "Masochism" to the 'inventions' of two historic
as one might speak of ""
instead of .
Advocates of BDSM have sought to distinguish themselves from widely
held notions of antiquated psychiatric theory by the adoption of
the initialized term, "BDSM" as a distinction from the now common
usage of those psychological terms, abbreviated as
&Classification of Masochism
&Class I Sexual Masochists
These individuals are bothered by their masochistic fantasies,
but they do not actively seek to act out their fantasies. They may
be preponderantly sadists with minimal masochistic tendencies or
normal individuals with minimal masochistic tendencies.
&Class II Sexual Masochists
These individuals have a fairly equal mix of sadistic and
masochistic tendencies. They like to receive pain, but also like to
be dominant partners (sadists) at other times. They are also
capable of achieving sexual orgasm in the absence of pain or
humiliation.
&Class III Sexual Masochists
These individuals are mainly masochists with minimal or no
sadistic tendencies. They prefer to receive pain or humiliation for
sexual orgasm (pain or humiliation facilitates sexual orgasm), but
are capable of forming romantic relationships with other persons
and are capable of achieving orgasm even if no punishment is
&Class IV Sexual Masochists
These individuals are exclusive masochists, i.e., they cannot
form normal romantic relationships with other persons, and cannot
achieve sexual orgasm without infliction of pain or humiliation. A
satisfactory sexual intercourse resulting in an orgasm is an
impossibility, if no pain is inflicted or no humiliation meted
&Classification of Sadism
&Class I Sexual Sadists
These individuals are bothered by their sadistic fantasies, but
they do not act out their fantasies.
&Class II Sexual Sadists
These individuals act on the sadistic sexual urges with
consenting partners (who may have sexual masochism) who willingly
suffers pain or humiliation. Class I and class II sadists may be
loosely grouped under the category leptosadists. The disorder may
be called leptosadism.
&Class III Sexual Sadists
These individuals act on their sadistic sexual urges with
nonconsenting victims, but they do not seriously injure or kill
them. This group almost coincides with sex aggression defusion or
sadistic sexual type rapists.
&Class IV Sexual Sadists
These individuals not only act on their sadistic sexual urges
with nonconsenting victims, but they seriously injure or kill them.
The condition is called severe sexual sadism or barysadism. The
difference between class I and class II sexual sadists
(leptosadists), on one hand, and class III and class IV sexual
sadists (barysadists), on the other, is almost the same as that
between those who commit consensual intercourse and those who
commit rape. Class III and class IV sexual sadists may loosely be
grouped under the sexual aggressors category. There indeed are more
types of sexual aggressors.
&Distinction among the subdivisions of
is a shorthand for the
three main subdivisions of the culture: B&D
(dominance and submission) and S&M
and masochism).
Bondage and discipline usually involves either physical or
psychological restraint, formalized service and/or punishment, and
sometimes sexual role playing, such as costumes.
Psychology
&Historical perspective
Both terms were introduced to the medical field by German
in his 1886 compilation of case studies
Psychopathia Sexualis. Pain and physical violence are not
essential in Krafft-Ebing's conception, and he defined
masochism (German "Masochismus") entirely in terms of
psychoanalyst and a contemporary of Krafft-Ebing, noted that both
were often found in the same individuals, and combined the two into
a single dichotomous entity known as sadomasochism (German
"Sadomasochismus", often abbreviated as S&M
or S/M). This observation is commonly verified in both
lit many sadists and masochists define
themselves as ""—capable
of taking pleasure in either role. However it has also been argued
(Deleuze, Coldness and Cruelty) that the concurrence of
sadism and masochism in Freud's model should not be taken for
Freud introduced the terms "primary" and "secondary" masochism.
Though this idea has come under a number of interpretations, in a
primary masochism the masochist undergoes a complete, not just a
partial, rejection by the model or courted object (or sadist),
possibly involving the model taking a rival as a preferred mate.
This complete rejection is related to the death drive in Freud's
psychoanalysis (Todestrieb). In a secondary masochism, by contrast,
the masochist experiences a less serious, more feigned rejection
and punishment by the model. Secondary masochism, in other words,
is the relatively casual version, more akin to a charade, and most
commentators are quick to point out its contrivedness.
Rejection is not desired by a primary masochist in quite the
same sense as the feigned rejection occurring within a mutually
consensual relationship—or even where the masochist happens to be
the one having actual initiative power (this is the confusion of
the distinctions of casual appearance and discrete motives which
underlies the analyses of Deleuze and Sartre, for example). In
Things Hidden Since the Foundation of The World
attempts to resuscitate and reinterpret Freud's distinction of
primary and secondary masochism, in connection with his own
philosophy.
Both Krafft-Ebing and Freud assumed that sadism in men resulted
from the distortion of the aggressive component of the male sexual
instinct. Masochism in men, however, was seen as a more significant
aberration, contrary to the nature of male sexuality. Freud doubted
that masochism in men was ever a primary tendency, and speculated
that it may exist only as a transformation of sadism. Sadomasochism
in women received comparatively little discussion, as it was
believed that it occurred primarily in men. Both also assumed that
masochism was so inherent to female sexuality that it would be
difficult to distinguish as a separate inclination.
in Studies in the Psychology of Sex, argued that there is no
clear distinction between the aspects of sadism and masochism, and
that they may be regarded as complementary emotional states. He
also made the important point that sadomasochism is concerned only
with pain in regard to sexual pleasure, and not in regard to
cruelty, as Freud had suggested. In other words, the sadomasochist
generally desires that the pain be inflicted or received in love,
not in abuse, for the pleasure of either one or both participants.
This mutual pleasure may even be essential for the satisfaction of
those involved.
Here Ellis touches upon the often paradoxical nature of widely
reported consensual S&M practices. It is described
as not simply pain to initiate pleasure, but violence—or the
simulation of involuntary violent acts—said to express love.
This irony is highly evident in the observation by many, that not
only are popularly practiced sadomasochistic activities usually
performed at the express request of the masochist, but that it is
often the designated masochist who may direct such activities,
through subtle emotional cues perceived or mutually understood and
consensually recognized by the designated sadist.
In his essay Coldness and Cruelty, (originally
Pr&sentation de Sacher-Masoch, 1967)
rejects the term "sadomasochism" as artificial, especially in the
context of the quintessentially modern masochistic work,
Sacher-Masoch's Venus In Furs. Deleuze's counter argument is
that the tendency toward masochism is based on intensified desire
brought on or enhanced by the acting out of frustration at the
delay of gratification. Taken to its extreme, an intolerably
indefinite delay is 'rewarded' by punitive perpetual delay,
manifested as unwavering coldness. The masochist derives pleasure
from, as Deleuze puts it, The Contract: the process by which he can
control another individual and turn the individual into someone
cold and callous. The Sadist, in contrast, derives pleasure from
The Law: the unavoidable power that places one person below
another. The sadist attempts to destroy the
in an effort to unify the
in effect gratifying the most base desires the sadist can express
while ignoring or completely suppressing the will of the ego, or of
the conscience. Thus, Deleuze attempts to argue that Masochism and
Sadism arise from such different impulses that the combination of
the two terms is meaningless and misleading. A masochist's
perception of their own self-subjugating sadistic desires and
capacities are treated by Deleuze as reactions to prior experience
of sadistic objectification. {E.g. in terms of psychology,
compulsively defensive appeasement of pathological guilt feelings
as opposed to the volition of a strong free will.} As in the
epilogue of Venus In Furs which shows the character of
Severin has become embittered by his experiment in the alleged
control of masochism, and advocates instead the domination of
Before Deleuze, however,
had presented his
own theory of sadism and masochism, at which Deleuze's
deconstructive attack, which took away the symmetry of the two
roles, was probably directed. Because the pleasure or power in
looking at the victim figures prominently in sadism and masochism,
Sartre was able to link these phenomena to his famous philosophy of
the "Look of the Other". Sartre argued that masochism is an attempt
by the 'For-itself' (consciousness) to reduce itself to nothing,
becoming an object that is drowned out by the "abyss of the Other's
subjectivity".
By this Sartre means that, given that the 'For-itself' desires to
attain a point of view in which it is both subject and object, one
possible strategy is to gather and intensify every feeling and
posture in which the self appears as an object to be rejected,
tested, and in this way the For-itself strives
toward a point of view in which there is only one subjectivity in
the relationship, which would be both that of the abuser and the
abused. Conversely, of course, Sartre held sadism to be the effort
to annihilate the subjectivity of the victim. That means that the
sadist is exhilarated by the emotional distress of the victim
because they seek a subjectivity that views the victim as both
subject and object.
This argument may appear stronger if it is understood that this
"Look of the Other" theory is either only an aspect of the
faculties of desire, or somehow its primary faculty. This does not
account for the turn that Deleuze took for his own theory of these
matters, but the premise of 'desire as "Look"' is associated with
theoretical distinctions always detracted by Deleuze, in what he
regarded as its essential error to recognize "desire as
lack"--which he identified in the philosophical temperament of
Plato, Socrates, and . For
Deleuze, insofar as desire is a lack it is reducible to the
Finally, after Deleuze,
included his account of sado-masochism in Things Hidden Since
the Foundation of The World, originally Des choses cach&es
depuis la fondation du monde, 1978, making the chapter on
masochism a coherent part of his theory of . In this view of sado-masochism, the violence of
the practices are an expression of a peripheral rivalry that has
developed around the actual love-object. There is clearly a
similarity to Deleuze, since both in the violence surrounding the
memory of mimetic crisis and its avoidance, and in the resistance
to affection that is focussed on by Deleuze, there is an
understanding of the value of the love object in terms of the
processes of its valuation, acquisition and the test it imposes on
the suitor.
&Modern psychology
There are a number of reasons commonly given for why a
sadomasochist finds the practice of S&M enjoyable,
and the answer is largely dependent on the individual. For some,
taking on a role of compliance or helplessness offers a form of
from the stresses of life, from responsibility,
or from guilt. For others, being under the power of a strong,
controlling presence may evoke the feelings of safety and
protection associated with childhood. They likewise may derive
satisfaction from earning the approval of that figure (see:
). A sadist, on the other hand, may enjoy the feeling
of power and authority that comes from playing the dominant role,
or receive pleasure vicariously through the suffering of the
masochist. It is poorly understood, though, what ultimately
connects these emotional experiences to sexual gratification, or
how that connection initially forms. Dr. , author and psychiatry adviser to the
, said in an interview that a sadomasochistic
relationship, as long as it is consensual, is not a psychological
It's a problem only if it is getting that individual into
difficulties, if he or she is not happy with it, or it's causing
problems in their personal or professional lives. If it's not, I'm
not seeing that as a problem. But assuming that it did, what I
would wonder about is what is his or her biology that would cause a
tendency toward a problem, and dynamically, what were the
experiences this individual had that led him or her toward one of
the ends of the spectrum.
It is usually agreed on by psychologists that experiences during
can have a profound effect on the character of
sexuality later in life. Sadomasochistic desires, however, seem to
form at a variety of ages. Some individuals report having had them
before puberty, while others do not discover them until well into
adulthood. According to one study, the majority of male
sadomasochists (53%) developed their interest before the age of 15,
while the majority of females (78%) developed their interest
afterwards (Breslow, Evans, and Langley 1985). The prevalence of
sadomasochism within the general population is unknown. Despite
female sadists being less visible than males, some surveys have
resulted in comparable amounts of sadistic fantasies between
females and males.
The results of such studies demonstrate that one's sex does not
determine preference for sadism.
&Psychological categorization
Since 1952, when the original DSM classified sadomasochism,
alongside homosexuality, as a type of sociopathic personality
disorder, the classification of sadomasochism has been revised
numerous times.
Contemporary psychology distinguishes between sadomasochism
practiced as a life style, with sadomasochism as a medical
condition.
In the current DSM, sadomasochism, alongside certain other
sexual practices, are classified as . As of
the publication of the
of diagnosis of sadomasochism as a paraphilia
include that: "The fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors"
must "cause clinically significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning".
The manuals' latest edition (DSM-IV-TR) requires that the activity
must be the sole means of sexual gratification for a period of six
(6) months, and either cause "clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of
functioning" or involve a violation of
to be diagnosed as a paraphilia.
The other major international , the
differs from the
DSM in a few regards. The ICD-10 combines sexual sadism and
masochism into sado-masochism, makes more of a marked distinction
between consensual sadomasochistic practices and sexual violence,
and suggests that aspects of sadomasochism occur within average
sexual relations.
The DSM's criteria for sadism and masochism though has been
criticized as vague and untested in real life
circumstances.
The inclusion of paraphilias as a whole in the DSM has been a point
of debate within the field.
One concern is the ambiguous criteria for distinction between
common sexual activities with the criteria for
paraphilia.
Others believe the inclusion of many paraphilias rest on
conventional perceptions of normal sexuality, and compare the
inclusion of paraphilias like sadomasochism to that of
homosexuality which has been removed.
&Real life
is commonly used to
describe consensual activities that contain sadistic and
masochistic elements. Masochists tend to be very specific about the
types of pain they enjoy, preferring some and disliking others.
Many behaviors such as ,
elements of sado-masochism. Even if both parties
to such acts this may not be accepted as a defense
against criminal charges. Very few jurisdictions will permit
consent as a legitimate defense if serious bodily injuries
are caused.
In extreme cases, sadism and masochism can include fantasies,
sexual urges or behavior which cause observably significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important
areas of functioning, to the point that they can be considered part
However, this is widely considered to be rare, as
regard such behaviors as clinically aberrant only if they are
identifiable as symptoms and or associated with other problems such
and or neurosis.[] There is some controversy in the psychology
professions regarding a personality disorder referred to
alternately as "" or "masochistic personality disorder",
where masochistic behavior may not be in relation to other
diagnosed mental disease.[]
"Sadism" and "masochism", in the context of consensual sexual
activities are not strictly accurate terms. Strictly speaking, a
sadist is someone who enjoys causing pain regardless of whether the
"victim" consents to it. Likewise, a masochist is someone who
fantasizes about or enjoys being beaten, sexually humiliated,
or otherwise made to
situations. Within BDSM, a sadist will not inflict pain on people
who have not consented. Most masochists do not enjoy pain outside
Ernulf and Innala (1995) observed discussions among individuals
with such interests, one of whom described the goal of
hyperdominants :
Many of 's books, including
(1797) and
(published posthumously in 1905), are written from
a cruelly sadistic viewpoint. 's novel
(1870) is essentially one long masochistic fantasy, where the male
principal character encourages his mistress to mistreat him.
In 's novel
(1954), the female principal character is kept in a ch&teau and
educated by a group of men using a wide range of BDSM techniques.
"O"'s submission is depicted as consensual. A particular revelation
of the story is that it is possible to gain power over someone as
their victim.
short dialogue-free film The Attendant (1993) was originally
created for the BBC series Time-Code at the beginnings of . In the film a museum attendant is caught up in
sado-masochistic fantasies inspired by a 19th century painting of
slaves in chains, 's Scene on the Coast of Africa. He
remembers his past as a singer, and delivers Dido's lament from
Purcell's opera.
As with many sexual interests, sadomasochism is a popular
subject in . While
S&M erotica is often about consensual humiliation
and power exchange, consent is often abandoned as serves fantasy.
The contemporary novelist , best known
for , wrote the sadomasochistic trilogy
(1983&85) under the pseudonym
of A. N. Roquelaure and
(1985) under the pseudonym of Anne Rampling.
In Jonathan Larson's musical , one of
the main characters, Mimi, is an S&M dancer at a
local club.
Pop singer Madonna released two songs about S&M
in 90s', the first was ""
in 1990 and the other was "" in 1992.
She became interested in the concepts of S&M to the
degree of even adding these concepts to her coffee-table book,
Sex which was released in 1992, which caused storms of
controversy but also became a selling sensation. She even added the
S&M concept in her music video for "Human Nature"
released in 1994.
Metal band
made a song
in 2009 called "Ich Tu' Dir Weh" (I hurt you), which is about
Rock band 's music video
had an explicit version released that shows very vivid images of
S&M. Pop singer 's music video, , also has some scenes about[]
S&M. Rihanna released a song titled ""
in 2011, which describes a woman's love for BDSM.
In the collection of Gary Fisher's work, Gary In Your Pocket:
Stories and Notebooks of Gary Fisher, a short story titled
"Arabesque" centers around the power of passivity as embodied by
the sadist.
Perhaps the ultimate exploration of SM on film is ,
in which the female character, Lee, is able to connect with her
desire for punishment by making intentional mistakes in the letters
she types for her boss, Mr. Grey. His red pen correction marks
become pleasurable to Lee (with no reference to teachers' similar
practices) and eventually he spanks her, clearly to her masochistic
pleasure. Mr. Grey also reluctantly finds his sadistic dimensions
and pleasure in them. The film also explores the "reverse control"
the masochist has on the sadist. The film was positively reviewed
due to its honest and non-sensational treatment of these themes and
the idea that one can become satisfied with what one really is and
find love in the bargain. Rivaling the above film is the extremely
popular manga and anime (both ongoing, 2011) series , which seriously and comedically (mostly)
explores BDSM in general along with a deep look into emotional
aspects as well as touching on the control structure between the
"dom" and "sub" (both forward and reverse control). However this
series is based around soft-SM (usually tying, collars, gags, and
humiliation) and is more graphic than the film above (not
pornographic but perhaps classifiable 17+), the genre
classification including
and mature.
Japanese manga
focuses on a traumatized sadistic hitman and his
masochist yakuza target.
已投稿到：
以上网友发言只代表其个人观点，不代表新浪网的观点或立场。}