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烟草成熟期土壤细菌群落结构及多样性
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烟草成熟期土壤细菌群落结构及多样性
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Immunobiology220(
ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect
Immunobiology
journalhomepage:/locate/imbi
ChitinenhancesserumIgEinAspergillusfumigatusinducedallergyinmice
LalitKumarDubey,JesperBonnetMoeller,AndersSchlosser,GrithLykkeSorensen,UffeHolmskov
InstituteofMolecularMedicine,DepartmentofCancerandIn ammation,UniversityofSouthernDenmark,OdenseC5000,Denmark
Articlehistory:
Received11November2014
Receivedinrevisedform6January2015Accepted6January2015
Availableonline14January2015
Keywords:Chitin
FungalcellwallpolysaccharidesIgE
AspergillusfumigatusLungin ammationInnateimmunity
Aspergillusfumigatus(A.fumigatus)isaubiquitousfungusthatactivates,suppressesormodulatestheimmuneresponsebychangingitscellwallstructureandbysecretingproteases.Inthisstudy,weshowthatchitinactsasanadjuvantinamurinemodelofA.fumigatusproteaseinducedallergy.ThemicewereimmunisedintraperitoneallywithA.fumigatusculture ltrateantigeneitherwithorwithoutchitinandweresubsequentlychallengedwiththeculture paredtoalum,chitininducedaweakerin ammatoryresponseinthelungs,measuredasthetotalcellef uxinBAL,EPOandchitinaseproduction.However,chitinenhancedthetotalIgE,speci cIgEandspeci cIgG1productionasef cientlyasalum.Pre-treatmentwithchitinbutnotwithalumdepressedtheconcentrationoftheTh2cytokinesIL-4andIL-13inBAL uid.Theseresultsshowsthatchitin,inspiteofareductionoftheTh2cytokinelevelsinthelungs,enhancedthetotalandspeci cIgEproductioninA.fumigatusculture ltrateinducedallergy.
©2015ElsevierGmbH.Allrightsreserved.
Introduction
ChitinisabiopolymerofN-acetylglucosamine(GlcNAc)foundinthecellwallofalmostallfungalspecies.InA.fumigatus,thechitincontentincreasesdrasticallyfromtheconidiatohyphae,therebyprovidingbothaprotectiveandaninvasiveabilitytothefungus(Latge,2007).Inthepastdecade,theeffectofchitinasadirectactivatoroftheimmunesystemandasanadjuvanthasbeenanalysedintranasally,orallyandintraperitoneally.Itisevidentthatchitindirectstheimmuneresponsesindifferentdirec-tionsdependingontherouteofadministration,buttheuseofdifferentsources,sizes,andpotentialcontaminationshaveledtocontroversiesintheliterature(Alvarez,2014;Bueteretal.,2013;Muzzarelli,2010).Whengivenorallyorintranasallyinmice,chitincanameliorateTh2inducedDermatophagoidespteronyssinusandragweedallergicimmuneresponses(Shibataetal.,2000;Strongetal.,2002),aneffectthatmaybepartiallyexplainedbythechitinmediatedinhibitionofT-cellproliferationbecausethedirect
Abbreviations:AMCase,acidA.fumigatus,ABAL,bEPO,eosin1WCF,one-weekcOVA,ovalbumin.
Correspondingauthor.Tel.:+;fax:+.E-mailaddress:uholmskov@health.sdu.dk(U.Holmskov).
intranasaladministrationofovalbumin(OVA)andchitinresultedinadiminishedantigen-speci cT-cellexpansionandTh2polarisa-tioncomparedtoOVAalone(Wagneretal.,2010).Inothersettings,chitinhasbeenshowntoinduceinnatepro-in ammatoryTh2directedimmuneresponses(DaSilvaetal.,2009;Reeseetal.,2007),andrecentlychitinhasbeenshowntodampenTh1/Th17inducedgutin ammationwhenadministeredorallyinparallelwithDSSinducedcolitis(Azumaetal.,2012;Nagatanietal.,2012).
Alum,whichisaninsolublealuminiumsalt,isknowntoactivatetheinnateimmunesysteminamannerthatultimatelyresultsinaTh2-typeimmuneresponse,butthemechanismsareincompletelyunderstood(GrunandMaurer,1989;Kurodaetal.,2013;Marracketal.,2009).
Thedevelopmentofasthmaandallergiesareincreasinginthedevelopedworld,andtheexposuretofungalrelatedantigenscorre-lateswiththeseverityofasthma.Upto20C25%ofasthmapatientswhoarereferredtospecialisttreatmenthaveskin-testreactivitytoA.fumigatusorotherfungi(Denningetal.,2006).A.fumigatuinimmunocompetenthosts,theinhaledsporesareclearedbyalveolarmacrophagemediatedoxidativekilling(Philippeetal.,2003),andthehostisprotectedbyunnec-essaryimmuneactivationbythehydrophobinlayer.Inimmunecompromisedhosts,thesporesofA.fumigatusgerminate,andthefungusstartsgrowingandsecretingcytotoxinsandproteasesintothemicroenvironment.Inparallel,fungalcellwallpolysaccharides
/10.1016/j.imbio.
/©2015ElsevierGmbH.Allrightsreserved.
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