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按字母分类 ：From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The AGM-86 ALCM is an American
(ALCM) built by
and operated by the . This missile was developed to increase the effectiveness and survivability of the
. In combination, the missile dilutes an enemy's forces and complicates
of its territory.
Examples of the AGM-86A and AGM-86B are on display at the
of the , near Washington, D.C.
of the Soviet Union was specifically designed from the outset to shoot down the AGM-86.[]
All variants of the AGM-86 missile are powered by a
that propels it at sustained subsonic speeds and can be launched from aircraft at both high and low altitudes. The missile deploys its folded wings, tail surfaces and engine inlet after launch.
AGM-86B/C/D missiles increase flexibility in target selection. AGM-86B missiles can be air-launched in large numbers by the bomber force. B-52H bombers carry six AGM-86B or AGM-86C missiles on each of two externally mounted pylons and eight internally on a rotary launcher, giving the B-52H a maximum capacity of 20 missiles per aircraft.
An enemy force would have to counterattack each of the missiles, making defense against them costly and complicated. The enemy's defenses are further hampered by the missiles' small size and low-altitude flight capability, which makes them .
The nuclear armed AGM-86B uses a terrain contour-matching guidance system () to fly to its assigned target.
The AGM-86C/D CALCM carries a conventional
payload rather than a
payload. The AGM-86C/D uses an onboard
(GPS) coupled with its
(INS) to navigate in flight. This allows the missile to guide itself to the target with pinpoint accuracy. , and
were the guidance contractors for the C-model.
In February 1974, the
entered into contract to develop and flight-test the prototype or
vehicle AGM-86A air-launched cruise missile, which was slightly smaller than the later B and C models. The 86A model did no it was designed to fit the weapon bay of the , which was cancelled (to be later resurrected as the B-1B). Now being free of the length restriction of the B-1A weapon bay, the Air Force began full-scale development of the AGM-86B in January 1977, which greatly enhanced the B-52's capabilities and helped the United States maintain a .
Up to 20 AGM-86B missiles could be loaded onto one B-52 bomber.
Production of the initial 225 AGM-86B missiles began in fiscal year 1980 and production of a total 1,715 missiles was completed in October 1986. The air-launched cruise missile had become operational four years earlier, in December 1982. More than 100 launches have taken place since then, with a 90% approximate success rate. The missile's flight path is pre-programmed and it becomes totally autonomous after launch.
In June 1986 a limited number of AGM-86B missiles were converted to carry a high-explosive
warhead and an internal GPS. They were redesignated as the AGM-86C CALCM. This modification also replaced the B model's terrain contour-matching guidance system () and integrated a
capability with the existing
computer .
The AGM-86C is a Conventional Air-Launched
(CALCM) and is a conventional blast/fragmentation derivative of the nuclear armed AGM-86B. The AGM-86D is the penetrator version of the CALCM which is designed to attack deeply buried targets.
In 1996 and
additional CALCMs were produced from excess ALCMs. These missiles, designated Block I, incorporate improvements such as a larger and improved conventional payload (3,000&#160;pound blast class), a multi-channel GPS receiver and integration of the buffer box into the GPS receiver. The upgraded avionics package was retrofitted into all existing CALCM (Block 0) so all AGM-86C missiles are electronically identical.
The CALCM became operational in January 1991 at the onset of . Seven B-52Gs from
launched 35 missiles at designated launch points in the 's area of responsibility to attack high-priority targets in . These "round-robin" missions marked the beginning of the operation's Air Force component and were the longest known aircraft combat sorties in history at the time (more than 14,000&#160;miles and 35&#160;hours of flight).
CALCM's next employment occurred in September 1996 during . In response to Iraq's continued hostilities against the
in northern Iraq, the Air Force launched 13 CALCMs in a joint attack with the . This mission has put the CALCM program in the spotlight for future modifications. Operation Desert Strike was also the combat debut of the B-52H and the carriage of the CALCM on the weapons bay-mounted Common Strategic Rotary Launcher (CSRL). During the Operation Desert Storm, the CALCM had been carried on the B-52G and wing-mounted pylons.
The CALCM was also used in
in 1999, and
in 2003. Operation Iraqi Freedom was also the combat debut of the AGM-86D, a further development of the missile which replaced the blast/fragmentation warhead of the AGM-86C with a penetrating warhead.
Loading an AGM-86 ALCM on a B-52 at Minot Air Force Base
The CALCM is being replaced by the -ER.[]
In 2007 the USAF announced its intention to retire all of its
and to reduce the ALCM fleet by more than 500 missiles, leaving 528 nuclear cruise missiles. The ALCM force will be consolidated at , , and all excess cruise missile bodies will be destroyed. The reductions are a result of the
requirement to go below 2,200 deployed nuclear weapons by 2012, with the AGM-129 ACM chosen for disposal because it has reliability problems and high maintenance costs.
Even with the SLEP, the remaining AGM-86s were to reach their end of service by 2020, leaving the B-52 without a nuclear mission. However, in 2012, the USAF announced plans to extend the useful life of the missiles until at least 2030.
To replace the ALCM, the USAF planned to award a contract for the development of the new
(LRSO) weapon in 2015. Unlike the AGM-86, the LRSO will be carried on multiple aircraft, including the B-52, the , and the . Like the AGM-86, the LRSO can be armed with either a conventional or nuclear warhead. The LRSO program is to develop a weapon that can penetrate and survive integrated air defense systems and prosecute strategic targets. Both conventional and nuclear versions of the weapon are required to reach initial operational capability (IOC) before the retirement of their respective ALCM versions, around 2030.
The technology development contracts were to be submitted before the end of 2012. In March 2014 a further three-year delay in the project was announced by the Department of Defense, delaying a contract award until fiscal year 2018. The House Armed Services Committee moved to reject this delay. The delay was caused by financial pressures and an uncertain acquisition plan, and allowed by the long remaining service life left for the AGM-86 and lack of urgent necessity compared to other defense needs.
As of August 24, 2017, the Department of Defense has awarded both Lockheed Martin and Raytheon Corporations with $900 million to develop the LRSO. Contracts end in 2022, when the Department of Defense will select one design to continue further developments.
1 August 2013 at the . U.S. Air Force. United States Air Force, 2010. Web. Accessed 14 Dec 2012.. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013.
. United States Air Force. Archived from
on 10 July .
. Collections Database. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from
on 23 July .
AIR FORCE Magazine, August 2007
, Archived at:
2 May 2014 at the .
Weisgerber, Marcus, , Defense News, 24 May 2012
, Archived at:
5 November 2013 at the .
Kristensen, Hans (22 April 2013). . fas.org. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from
on 22 April .
- Flightglobal.com, 7 January 2014
5 November 2013 at the .
15 March 2014 at the .
Guarino, Douglas P. (29 April 2014). . www.nti.org. Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from
on 30 April .
4 December 2014 at the . - Insidedefense.com, 5 March 2014
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